Friends, you are most welcome to another lesson. Let's see the shao that... the shao how is proceeding to help us to compose tenses. Yes, as we saw in previous lesson - I mean, lesson number twelve - we saw how shao you can... how you can use shao to compose simple future tense. So we're proceeding with the other lesson. Yes, as usual. Yeah, lesson number thirteen: it is Present Continuous Tense. The word "continuous" in Swahili means *endelea*, *endelevu*, *endelea*. And "present" means *uliopo*, while "tense" means *wakati*. So "present", it is *uliopo*; "continuous" ni *unaoendelea*. So the meaning... the whole meaning means tunasema *wakati uliopo unaoendelea*. Ile ya jana... ya iliyopita tulikuwa tunajifunza matendo ambayo yanaonyesha wakati ujao. Kwa hiyo, kwa sasa hivi sasa muda huu tunaangalia matendo yanayofanyika this time, right now. Yes, we call Present Continuous Tense. Okay, let's see by the definition. The definition of Present Continuous Tense, we say it is used to indicate an action or event that is currently in process right now. Inaeleza yale matendo ambayo yanafanyika muda huu sasa hivi ndio tunaita Present Continuous Tense. Yale matendo yanayofanyika wakati huu ambapo sasa maneno ya kuonyesha wakati wa sasa ni kama vile unasemaga "at this moment", kwa maana ya wakati huu, au "at this time", wakati huu bado na yenyewe inamaanisha, ama "right now", ama "now". Hayo matendo... na maneno kama hayo ndio hiyo tense tunayojifunza kwa hapa leo. Yes. Tuangalie formulation, kwa maana ya kanuni. Kanuni kama kawaida, unapaswa uanze na Subject, ufuatiwe na Helping Verb, ufuatiwe na Action Verb, umalizie na Object. Yes. Subjects ni zipi? Ni I, We, You... kumbuka ile "shao" kama kawaida, ila hapa iwe base form kama ilivyokuwa. Hapa inakuwa ni -ing. Kwa hiyo Subject ndio kama hizo unazozoiona. Helping Verb hapa sio "will" na "shall" tena. Hapa za kuonyesha wakati huu itakuwa ni "am", "is" pamoja na "are". Wakati huu kwenye Kiswahili... hizi ni za Kiingereza... kwenye Kiswahili unatumia neno "na-", "na-", "na-", yaani nina, wana, tuna, ana, ana, kina, wana, wana, wana, na- na- nina, nina, nina... hiyo "na-" hiyo ndio helping verb za Kiswahili. Wakati wa Kiingereza zenyewe ziko mbili ambazo ni "am", "is" pamoja na "are". Sasa hapa kwenye chati inaonyesha jinsi gani ambavyo hizi subjects zinakuwa sambamba na helping verbs. Subjects zikiwa sambamba na helping verbs. Hapa kuna singular na hapa kuna plural. Kwa mfano, "I" huwa inaendana na "am", "we" inaendana na "are", "you" inaendana na "are", "you" ya wingi pia inaendana na "are". Wakati "she", "he", "it", na jina likiwa katika hali ya umoja, hizi zote zinaendana na "is". Kwa hiyo hivyo ndivyo ambavyo unaweza ukatumia. Wakati huku "they", "they" kwa maana ya "we", inaendana na "are", "you" inaendana na "are", "they" pia hii hapa inaendana na "are", na Titus and James pia inaendana na "are". Kwa hiyo hizi ni Subject pamoja na Helping Verb. Hili chati ni lazima ulikamate kama lilivyo. Sasa watu wengi huwaga wanachanganyaga. Wanajua "you" ni umoja, kwa maana ya wewe ni mmoja basi itaendana na "is", na "you" hii hapa ni wingi itaendana na "are". Hapana, huwezi ukasema "you is". Hizi ni Subject Pronouns. Subject Pronouns lazima zifuatie hii kanuni. Ila Helping Verb... I mean nini hapa kwenye... nini kwenye... kwenye majina, kwa maana ya names. Hizo names ndio kama ni moja itaendana na "is" na kama ni nyingi itaendana na "are" kama ulivyoona hapa. Lakini Subject Pronoun ni lazima uikamate chati kwa namna hii hapa. Nafikiri umenielewa vizuri. Lakini pia next kuna Action Verbs. Action Verbs ni yale matendo ambayo yanaelezea sasa. Hizi Action Verbs zenyewe tunaziongezea -ing kama ulivyoona hapa: cooking, reading, going... what what what kama hivyo unavyovyaona hapa. Lakini in case of verbs that end with letter 'e', we eliminate it then add -ing. Yaani kwa zile verbs ambazo zimeishia na herufi 'e', basi unaondoa hiyo 'e' ndio unaongeza -ing. Usijazie juu -ing. Kwa mfano "write" imeishia na herufi 'e' hapa mwishoni. Basi ili uongeze -ing ni lazima uitoe hii 'e' alafu ndio uongeze -ing. Usiweke hapa juu, tofauti na haya hapa ambavyo ulikuwa unayaona hapa, tunaongeza tu mbele yake -ing. Vile vile "take", "drive", nafikiri unayaona hivi. Kwa hiyo kwenye kuandika lazima uzingatie hicho, lakini kwenye kuzungumza wala hakuna shida. Lakini pia kwenye kuandika lazima uzingatie zile noun... I mean, Action Verb au matendo yale ambayo yameundwa na Consonant, Vowel pamoja na Consonant. Basi unatoa... unatoa ile... ile... ile Consonant... unaongeza... I mean ile herufi ya mwisho, Consonant, una-double-ize zinatokea herufi mbili. Mfano: kwa mfano hii hapa "cut". Herufi ya kwanza hapo unayoiona ni Consonant, herufi ya pili ni Vowel, na herufi ya tatu ni nini? Ni Consonant. Kwa hiyo imeundwa na Consonant, Vowel, Consonant. Si umeiona? Kwa hiyo hii sasa ili uongeze -ing ni lazima una-double-ize ile herufi ya mwisho zinatokea herufi mbili ndio unaongeza -ing kama unavyoona hapa: cutting. "Mop", nafikiri unaiona kikanuni na yenyewe, basi tutaongeza -ing. "Sit", na yenyewe utaongeza -ing. Kasoro "exception", sio zote ila asilimia zaidi ya tisini na tano zenye ambazo zimeundwa na Consonant, Vowel, Consonant, unadouble-ize herufi ya mwisho unaongeza -ing. Ila kasoro tu kwa hili tendo "mix", "mix". Pia hii "mix" imeundwa na vile Consonant, Vowel, Consonant lakini unaongeza tu -ing mbele. Lakini pia hata "buy", "buy", "buy" na yenyewe unaongeza -ing mbele hauwadouble-ize "buy". Hau-double-ize ile herufi ya mwisho. Ila asilimia kubwa tunadouble-ize kama nilivyokueleza hapo awali. Thank you. Sasa kitu cha mwisho ni Object, kwa maana ya receiver of an action. Sasa tuone jinsi gani ya kuweza kutunga sentensi hizi. Tukianza na Positive. Kwenye Positive maanake sasa ukija kwenye jedwali hili utaanza na "I am", utaweka tendo lako lenye -ing alafu unamalizia na Object ndio sentensi yako inakuwa imekamilika. Ndio maana utaona "I am cooking", "Juma is playing"... ukisema "I am cooking" maanake umesema "Mimi nina pika ugali". Ni lazima tendo lake hapa ulichukue lile lenye -ing sio base form. Hauwezi ukasema "I am cook". Ah, hicho hamna hicho Kiingereza. Ni lazima uongeze -ing tendo lako. Ukija kwenye Negative, unaweka tu neno "not" baada ya Helping Verb kwa sababu ndio kanuni yetu. Unaweka neno "not" baada ya Helping Verb kama mnavyona hapa: "I am not cooking ugali", maanake mimi sipiki ugali. Kwa hiyo zinaenda kwa namna hiyo hapo. Lakini pia ukija kwenye maswali, swali siku zote ni lazima uanze na Helping Verb. Maanake kwenye hizi sentensi zako kwa mfano hizi za Positive, maanake ili uulize swali hii "am" unairejesha mwanzoni, kwa hiyo inakuwa "Am I cooking ugali?" au "Is Juma playing football?" au "Are they reading a book?". Ndivyo tunavyoulizana swali. Kwa hiyo hata ukiangalia hapa na penyewe ameanza na Helping Verb. "Are you reading a book?". Si umeiona? Ngoja tuifungue nani nzuri iionekane kwa ubora zaidi. Yes, nafikiri hapa inaweza ikawa inaonekana kwa uzuri zaidi. Yeah. Si unaona hapa? "Are you reading a book?". Asha anajibu positive hiyo sentensi anasema "Yes, I am reading a book". Au unaweza ukajibia kupitia Helping Verb. Ninavyosema unajibia kupitia Helping Verb, hizi sentensi unapuoulizwa hii yes/no question, unaweza hasa kwenye kuongea ukajibu tu kupitia Helping Verb na mtu akakuelewa. Sio lazima na wewe tena utaje lile tendo. Kwa mfano akuambie hivi "Are you... are you reading now?". Unajibu tu "Yes, I am". Au "Is she playing football?", "Yes, she is" ama "No, she is not". Kwa hiyo unaishia tu hapa inakuwa inapendeza sana English yako. Kwa hiyo ndivyo tunavyofanya kwa namna hiyo hapo. Yes. Thank you so much. Hapa pia kuna "contraction", I mean contraction jina lingine ni short form, vifupi. "I am" kifupi chake ni hii hapa inakuwa ni "I'm". "I am", "I'm". Yes. Ngoja tuifungue vizuri ionekane vizuri. Yeah. Ehe. "I am" kifupi chake ni "I'm", alafu "we are" kifupi chake ni "we're". "You are"... sasa kuna wengi huwaga wanachanganyaga unashangaa amekwambia "I am cooking" akatoa hii "I" akaweka "am" hii hapa akasema "Am cooking". Hapo unakuwa hujaongea Kiingereza fasaha. Kiingereza fasaha kama unataka kuongea kifupi ni lazima uweke I, apostrophe juu alafu uweke hii "am" kama unavyoona hivi. Hapa ndio vifupi vyake. Na huku ni vifupi vya positive. "Is not" inakuwa ni "isn't" na "are not" inakuwa "aren't". Kwa hiyo hivyo ni vifupi vyake. Wakati huo sasa hizo sentensi kwenye mfano wa sentensi za katika kuongea ndio kama hizi unaziona. "I'm reading a book", "I am reading a book". "She's playing football", "She is playing football". "We aren't writing a book", "We are not writing a book". Kwa hiyo tunafanya kwa namna hiyo hapo. Nafikiri umenielewa vizuri sana. Na wewe naomba ujaribu jinsi ya kutunga positive sentences hapa ili iwe bora zaidi. Thank you so much. See you next time.